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Viruses May 2021Puumala hantavirus (PUUV), carried and spread by the bank vole (), causes a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) called nephropathia epidemica (NE).... (Review)
Review
Puumala hantavirus (PUUV), carried and spread by the bank vole (), causes a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) called nephropathia epidemica (NE). Acute high fever, acute kidney injury (AKI), thrombocytopenia, and hematuria are typical features of this syndrome. In addition, headache, blurred vision, insomnia, vertigo, and nausea are commonly associated with the disease. This review explores the mechanisms and presentations of ocular and central nervous system involvement in acute NE.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Arvicolinae; Central Nervous System Diseases; Disease Reservoirs; Eye Diseases; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome; Humans; Population Dynamics; Puumala virus
PubMed: 34072819
DOI: 10.3390/v13061040 -
Transactions of the American... 1995Myopia is an important public health problem because it is common and is associated with increased risk for chorioretinal degeneration, retinal detachment, and other...
BACKGROUND
Myopia is an important public health problem because it is common and is associated with increased risk for chorioretinal degeneration, retinal detachment, and other vision-threatening abnormalities. In animals, ocular elongation and myopia progression can be lessened with atropine treatment. This study provides information about progression of myopia and atropine therapy for myopia in humans.
METHODS
A total of 214 residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota (118 girls and 96 boys; median age, 11 years; range, 6 to 15 years) received atropine for myopia from 1967 through 1974. Control subjects were matched by age, sex, refractive error, and date of baseline examination to 194 of those receiving atropine. Duration of treatment with atropine ranged from 18 weeks to 11.5 years (median 3.5 years).
RESULTS
Median follow-up from initial to last refraction in the atropine group (11.7 years) was similar to that in the control group (12.4 years). Photophobia and blurred vision were frequently reported, but no serious adverse effects were associated with atropine therapy. Mean myopia progression during atropine treatment adjusted for age and refractive error (0.05 diopters per year) was significantly less than that among control subjects (0.36 diopters per year) (P < .001). Final refractions standardized to the age of 20 years showed a greater mean level of myopia in the control group (3.78 diopters) than in the atropine group (2.79 diopters) (P < .001).
CONCLUSIONS
The data support the view that atropine therapy is associated with decreased progression of myopia and that beneficial effects remain after treatment has been discontinued.
Topics: Adolescent; Atropine; Child; Disease Progression; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Minnesota; Mydriatics; Myopia; Ophthalmic Solutions; Refraction, Ocular
PubMed: 8719698
DOI: No ID Found -
Middle East African Journal of... 2019Natural honey in spite of its usefulness is known to contain certain microorganisms. In the present study, we describe a case of after using topical honey administered...
Natural honey in spite of its usefulness is known to contain certain microorganisms. In the present study, we describe a case of after using topical honey administered by a traditional medicine therapist. A 32-year-old male came with red eye and blurred vision. The pain and other symptoms became more severe after the 1st week, with appearance of radial perineuritis at the cornea. A repeated interview revealed that 1 week before appearance of ocular symptoms, the patient had instilled a drop of natural honey in his left eye. Confocal microscopic cornea imaging demonstrated cyst and trophozoite of in the corneal stroma.
Topics: Acanthamoeba; Acanthamoeba Keratitis; Adult; Honey; Humans; Male; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 32153338
DOI: 10.4103/meajo.MEAJO_56_18 -
Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in... Feb 2021Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) can be used to measure visual resolution via a spatial frequency (SF) limit as an objective estimate of visual acuity. The aim of this... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) can be used to measure visual resolution via a spatial frequency (SF) limit as an objective estimate of visual acuity. The aim of this systematic review is to collate descriptions of the VEP SF limit in humans, healthy and disordered, and to assess how accurately and precisely VEP SF limits reflect visual acuity.
METHODS
The protocol methodology followed the PRISMA statement. Multiple databases were searched using "VEP" and "acuity" and associated terms, plus hand search: titles, abstracts or full text were reviewed for eligibility. Data extracted included VEP SF limits, stimulus protocols, VEP recording and analysis techniques and correspondence with behavioural acuity for normally sighted healthy adults, typically developing infants and children, healthy adults with artificially degraded vision and patients with ophthalmic or neurological conditions.
RESULTS
A total of 155 studies are included. Commonly used stimulus, recording and analysis techniques are summarised. Average healthy adult VEP SF limits vary from 15 to 40 cpd, depend on stimulus, recording and analysis techniques and are often, but not always, poorer than behavioural acuity measured either psychophysically with an identical stimulus or with a clinical acuity test. The difference between VEP SF limit and behavioural acuity is variable and strongly dependent on the VEP stimulus and choice of acuity test. VEP SF limits mature rapidly, from 1.5 to 9 cpd by the end of the first month of life to 12-20 cpd by 8-12 months, with slower improvement to 20-40 cpd by 3-5 years. VEP SF limits are much better than behavioural thresholds in the youngest, typically developing infants. This difference lessens with age and reaches equivalence between 1 and 2 years; from around 3-5 years, behavioural acuity is better than the VEP SF limit, as for adults. Healthy, artificially blurred adults had slightly better behavioural acuity than VEP SF limits across a wide range of acuities, while adults with heterogeneous ophthalmic or neurological pathologies causing reduced acuity showed a much wider and less consistent relationship. For refractive error, ocular media opacity or pathology primarily affecting the retina, VEP SF limits and behavioural acuity had a fairly consistent relationship across a wide range of acuity. This relationship was much less consistent or close for primarily macular, optic nerve or neurological conditions such as amblyopia. VEP SF limits were almost always normal in patients with non-organic visual acuity loss.
CONCLUSIONS
The VEP SF limit has great utility as an objective acuity estimator, especially in pre-verbal children or patients of any age with motor or learning impairments which prevent reliable measurement of behavioural acuity. Its diagnostic power depends heavily on adequate, age-stratified, reference data, age-stratified empirical calibration with behavioural acuity, and interpretation in the light of other electrophysiological and clinical findings. Future developments could encompass faster, more objective and robust techniques such as real-time, adaptive control.
REGISTRATION
International prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ ), registration number CRD42018085666.
Topics: Adult; Amblyopia; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroretinography; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Humans; Infant; Vision, Ocular; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 32488810
DOI: 10.1007/s10633-020-09770-3 -
Romanian Journal of Ophthalmology 2017The aim of the study was to analyze the effects that gadgets have on eyesight quality. A prospective observational study was conducted from January to July 2016, on 60... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
The aim of the study was to analyze the effects that gadgets have on eyesight quality. A prospective observational study was conducted from January to July 2016, on 60 people who were divided into two groups: Group 1 - 30 middle school pupils with a mean age of 11.9 ± 1.86 and Group 2 - 30 patients evaluated in the Ophthalmology Clinic, "Sf. Spiridon" Hospital, Iași, with a mean age of 21.36 ± 7.16 years. The clinical parameters observed were the following: visual acuity (VA), objective refraction, binocular vision (BV), fusional amplitude (FA), Schirmer's test. A questionnaire was also distributed, which contained 8 questions that highlighted the gadget's impact on the eyesight. The use of different gadgets, such as computer, laptops, mobile phones or other displays become part of our everyday life and people experience a variety of ocular symptoms or vision problems related to these. Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) represents a group of visual and extraocular symptoms associated with sustained use of visual display terminals. Headache, blurred vision, and ocular congestion are the most frequent manifestations determined by the long time use of gadgets. Mobile phones and laptops are the most frequently used gadgets. People who use gadgets for a long time have a sustained effort for accommodation. A small amount of refractive errors (especially myopic shift) was objectively recorded by various studies on near work. Dry eye syndrome could also be identified, and an improvement of visual comfort could be observed after the instillation of artificial tears drops. Computer Vision Syndrome is still under-diagnosed, and people should be made aware of the bad effects the prolonged use of gadgets has on eyesight.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Myopia; Prospective Studies; User-Computer Interface; Vision Tests; Vision, Binocular; Visual Acuity; Young Adult
PubMed: 29450383
DOI: 10.22336/rjo.2017.21 -
Frontiers in Neurology 2021Gly83Arg variation is a type of mutation specific to the Chinese population. Patients of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) with Gly83Arg variation...
BACKGROUND
Gly83Arg variation is a type of mutation specific to the Chinese population. Patients of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) with Gly83Arg variation predominantly present with blurred vision and most of these cases are reported by ophthalmologists. There is currently no systematic assessment of extraocular features of ATTR with Gly83Arg variation.
METHODS
Six patients and two asymptomatic carriers with molecularly confirmed Gly83Arg variation of ATTR from three unrelated families were identified by sequencing the gene. The clinical, electrophysiological, ultrasonic, and pathological data were collected and analyzed.
RESULTS
This study included six patients and two carriers with Gly83Arg mutation, all of whom came from the Han nationality of China. The average age of onset for the six patients was 39 years, and the course of disease ranged from 5 to 19 years. All the patients started with blurred vision, which was diagnosed as vitreous opacity (VO). Most of the patients developed sensory-motor polyneuropathies over years or even more than a decade (4-15 years) after VO. However, the heterogeneity of peripheral neuropathies among these patients remained large between families. Autonomic impairment also occurred after VO, with varying degrees of abnormalities seen in the associated autonomic assessments. None of the patients had any symptoms of cardiac impairment, but abnormal results were found in examinations. A combined biopsy of the sural nerve and muscle was also performed. Nerve pathology revealed the moderately reduced myelinated nerve fiber density and muscle pathology showed predominant neurogenic impairment accompanied by possible myogenic impairment.
CONCLUSIONS
This is a detailed account of Gly83Arg mutation-related ATTR, focusing on the extraocular presentations of this special variant in Chinese. Clinical features of this variant are early-onset, ocular involvement predominance, neurological, and cardiac involvement along with the disease, and relatively long survival.
PubMed: 35185758
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.821003 -
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2023Myopia is a significant global health concern and affects human visual function, resulting in blurred vision at a distance. There are still many unsolved challenges in... (Review)
Review
Myopia is a significant global health concern and affects human visual function, resulting in blurred vision at a distance. There are still many unsolved challenges in this field that require the help of new technologies. Currently, artificial intelligence (AI) technology is dominating medical image and data analysis and has been introduced to address challenges in the clinical practice of many ocular diseases. AI research in myopia is still in its early stages. Understanding the strengths and limitations of each AI method in specific tasks of myopia could be of great value and might help us to choose appropriate approaches for different tasks. This article reviews and elaborates on the technical details of AI methods applied for myopia risk prediction, screening and diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment.
PubMed: 36733459
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1124005 -
Vision (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023The surface of the eye is directly exposed to the external environment, protected only by a thin tear film, and may therefore be damaged by contact with ambient... (Review)
Review
The surface of the eye is directly exposed to the external environment, protected only by a thin tear film, and may therefore be damaged by contact with ambient particulate matter, liquids, aerosols, or vapors. In the workplace or home, the eye is subject to accidental or incidental exposure to cleaning products and pesticides. Organic matter may enter the eye and cause infection. Ocular surface damage can trigger a range of symptoms such as itch, discharge, hyperemia, photophobia, blurred vision, and foreign body sensation. Toxin exposure can be assessed clinically in multiple ways, including via measurement of tear production, slit-lamp examination, corneal staining, and conjunctival staining. At the cellular level, environmental toxins can cause oxidative damage, apoptosis of corneal and conjunctival cells, cell senescence, and impaired motility. Outcomes range from transient and reversible with complete healing to severe and sight-compromising structural changes. Classically, evaluation of tolerance and safety was carried out using live animal testing; however, new in vitro and computer-based, in silico modes are superseding the gold standard Draize test. This review examines how environmental features such as pollutants, temperature, and seasonality affect the ocular surface. Chemical burns to the eye are considered, and approaches to protect the ocular surface are detailed.
PubMed: 37092465
DOI: 10.3390/vision7020032 -
Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang... Aug 2006To review the types, incidence, pathogenesis, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of hydroxychloroquine ocular toxicity and current views about its screening and... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To review the types, incidence, pathogenesis, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of hydroxychloroquine ocular toxicity and current views about its screening and management.
DATA SOURCES
Literature search of Medline up to May 2005.
STUDY SELECTION
Key words for the literature search were 'hydroxychloroquine', 'chloroquine', 'ocular', 'toxicity', 'retinopathy', and 'screening'.
DATA EXTRACTION
Original articles and review papers were examined.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Hydroxychloroquine ocular toxicity includes keratopathy, ciliary body involvement, lens opacities, and retinopathy. Retinopathy is the major concern: others are more common but benign. The incidence of true hydroxychloroquine retinopathy is exceedingly low; less than 50 cases have been reported. Although its pathogenesis is unclear, risk factors include: daily dosage of hydroxychloroquine, cumulative dosage, duration of treatment, coexisting renal or liver disease, patient age, and concomitant retinal disease. Patients usually complain of difficulty in reading, decreased vision, missing central vision, glare, blurred vision, light flashes, and metamorphopsia. They can also be asymptomatic. Most patients have a bull's eye fundoscopic appearance. All patients have field defects including paracentral, pericentral, central, and peripheral field loss. Colour vision is usually undisturbed in early retinopathy, but is impaired in the advanced stage. Most patients have visual loss. Some patients with advanced retinopathy may experience deteriorating visual acuity even after cessation of treatment. There is no consensus on the definition of retinopathy, most-effective ophthalmological assessment, or frequency of screening. Regular screening may be necessary to detect reversible premaculopathy. Cessation of the drug is the only effective management of the toxicity.
CONCLUSION
Consensus with regard to various important aspects of hydroxychloroquine ocular toxicity is limited, especially the definition of true hydroxychloroquine retinopathy, the most effective ophthalmological assessment, and frequency of screening. Decisions to stop medication must be made in conjunction with the rheumatologist or physician managing the patient. Management of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy remains a clinical challenge.
Topics: Antimalarials; Color Perception; Diagnosis, Differential; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Prognosis; Retinal Diseases; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Visual Fields
PubMed: 16912357
DOI: No ID Found -
Ophthalmology Feb 2021The spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) affects astronauts on missions to the International Space Station (ISS). The SANS has blurred vision and ocular...
PURPOSE
The spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) affects astronauts on missions to the International Space Station (ISS). The SANS has blurred vision and ocular changes as typical features. The objective of this study was to investigate if microgravity can create deformations or movements of the eye or optic nerve, and if such changes could be linked to SANS.
DESIGN
Cohort study.
PARTICIPANTS
Twenty-two astronauts (age 48 ± 4 years).
METHODS
The intervention consisted of time in microgravity at the ISS. We co-registered pre- and postspaceflight magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and generated centerline representations of the optic nerve. The coordinates for the optic nerve head (ONH) and optic chiasm (OC) ends of the optic nerve were recorded along with the entire centerline path.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Optic nerve length, ONH movement, and OC movement after time in microgravity.
RESULTS
Optic nerve length increased (0.80 ± 0.74 mm, P < 0.001), primarily reflecting forward ONH displacement (0.63 ± 0.53 mm, P < 0.001). The forward displacement was positively related to mission duration, preflight body weight, and clinical manifestations of SANS. We also detected upward displacement of the OC (0.39 ± 0.50 mm, P = 0.002), indicative of brain movement, but this observation could not be linked to SANS.
CONCLUSIONS
The spaceflight-induced optic nerve lengthening and anterior movement of the ONH support that SANS is caused by an altered pressure difference between the brain and the eye, leading to a forward push on the posterior of the eye. Body weight is a potential contributing risk factor. Direct assessment of intracranial pressure in space is required to verify the implicated mechanism behind the ocular findings in SANS.
Topics: Astronauts; Cohort Studies; Extraterrestrial Environment; Female; Humans; Intracranial Pressure; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve; Papilledema; Space Flight; Syndrome; Time Factors; Vision Disorders; Weightlessness
PubMed: 32659310
DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.07.007